제3장
부미 기따
이 장에서는 땅(부미)이 자기를 정복하려는 여러 왕들의 어리석음을 어떻게 기록하는지 설명한다. 또한 깔리 시대가 온갖 결점으로 가득한 시대이지만 주 하리의 이름 찬송이 그 모든 결점을 파괴시키는지 설명한다.
Great kings, who are actually just playthings of death, desire to subdue their six internal enemies — the five senses and the mind — and afterward they imagine they will go on to conquer the earth and all its oceans. Seeing their false hopes, the earth simply laughs, for eventually they all must leave this planet and go elsewhere, as have all the great kings and monarchs of the past. Moreover, after usurping the earth or some part of it — which is actually unconquerable and must in every case be given up — fathers, sons, brothers, friends and relatives quarrel over it.
Thus the study of history naturally leads to the conclusion that all worldly achievements are temporary, and this conclusion should give rise to a sense of renunciation. Ultimately, the highest goal of life for any living entity is pure devotion to Lord Kṛṣṇa, which annihilates all inauspiciousness. In the age of Satya, religion was complete, still possessing its four legs of truth, mercy, austerity and charity. With the coming of each succeeding age, starting with Tretā, these religious qualities each diminish by one quarter. In Kali-yuga the legs of religion retain only one fourth of their power, and even that will be lost with the progress of the age. The mode of goodness is predominant during Satya-yuga, and the mode of passion is predominant during the Tretā-yuga. The mixed modes of passion and ignorance are predominant during Dvāpara-yuga, and in the Age of Kali the mode of ignorance is predominant. Atheism, the smallness and inferiority of all things, and devotion to the genitals and belly are very much evident in the Age of Kali. Living entities contaminated by the influence of Kali do not worship the Supreme Lord, Śrī Hari, even though they can be freed from all bondage and easily achieve the supreme destination simply by chanting the glories of His name and taking shelter of Him. But if somehow or other the Supreme Personality of Godhead becomes manifest within the hearts of the conditioned souls in Kali-yuga, then all faults of place, time and personality inherent in the age will be destroyed. Kali-yuga is an ocean of faults, but it possesses one great quality: simply by the chanting of the name of Kṛṣṇa, one can be delivered from material association and attain the Absolute Truth. All that was accomplished in the age of Satya by meditation, in the age of Tretā by sacrificial performances and in the age of Dvāpara by temple worship is easily gained during the Kali-yuga by the simple process of hari-kīrtana.
Text 1: Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: Seeing the kings of this earth busy trying to conquer her, the earth herself laughed. She said: “Just see how these kings, who are actually playthings in the hands of death, are desiring to conquer me.
Text 2: “Great rulers of men, even those who are learned, meet frustration and failure because of material lust. Driven by lust, these kings place great hope and faith in the dead lump of flesh called the body, even though the material frame is as fleeting as bubbles of foam on water.
Texts 3-4: “Kings and politicians imagine: ‘First I will conquer my senses and mind; then I will subdue my chief ministers and rid myself of the thorn-pricks of my advisors, citizens, friends and relatives, as well as the keepers of my elephants. In this way I will gradually conquer the entire earth.’ Because the hearts of these leaders are bound by great expectations, they fail to see death waiting nearby.
Text 5: “After conquering all the land on my surface, these proud kings forcibly enter the ocean to conquer the sea itself. What is the use of their self-control, which is aimed at political exploitation? The actual goal of self-control is spiritual liberation.”
Text 6: O best of the Kurus, the earth continued as follows: “Although in the past great men and their descendants have left me, departing from this world in the same helpless way they came into it, even today foolish men are trying to conquer me.
Text 7: “For the sake of conquering me, materialistic persons fight one another. Fathers oppose their sons, and brothers fight one another, because their hearts are bound to possessing political power.
Text 8: “Political leaders challenge one another: ‘All this land is mine! It’s not yours, you fool!’ Thus they attack one another and die.
Texts 9-13: “Such kings as Pṛthu, Purūravā, Gādhi, Nahuṣa, Bharata, Kārtavīrya Arjuna, Māndhātā, Sagara, Rāma, Khaṭvāṅga, Dhundhuhā, Raghu, Tṛṇabindu, Yayāti, Śaryāti, Śantanu, Gaya, Bhagīratha, Kuvalayāśva, Kakutstha, Naiṣadha, Nṛga, Hiraṇyakaśipu, Vṛtra, Rāvaṇa, who made the whole world lament, Namuci, Śambara, Bhauma, Hiraṇyākṣa and Tāraka, as well as many other demons and kings who possessed great powers of control over others, were all full of knowledge, heroic, all-conquering and unconquerable. Nevertheless, O almighty Lord, although they lived their lives intensely trying to possess me, these kings were subject to the passage of time, which reduced them all to mere historical accounts. None of them could permanently establish their rule.”
Text 14: Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: O mighty Parīkṣit, I have related to you the narrations of all these great kings, who spread their fame throughout the world and then departed. My real purpose was to teach transcendental knowledge and renunciation. Stories of kings lend power and opulence to these narrations but do not in themselves constitute the ultimate aspect of knowledge.
Text 15: The person who desires pure devotional service to Lord Kṛṣṇa should hear the narrations of Lord Uttamaḥśloka’s glorious qualities, the constant chanting of which destroys everything inauspicious. The devotee should engage in such listening in regular daily assemblies and should also continue his hearing throughout the day.
Text 16: King Parīkṣit said: My lord, how can persons living in the Age of Kali rid themselves of the cumulative contamination of this age? O great sage, please explain this to me.
Text 17: Please explain the different ages of universal history, the special qualities of each age, the duration of cosmic maintenance and destruction, and the movement of time, which is the direct representation of the Supreme Soul, the Personality of Godhead, Lord Viṣṇu.
Text 18: Śukadeva Gosvāmī said: My dear King, in the beginning, during Satya-yuga, the age of truth, religion is present with all four of its legs intact and is carefully maintained by the people of that age. These four legs of powerful religion are truthfulness, mercy, austerity and charity.
Text 19: The people of Satya-yuga are for the most part self-satisfied, merciful, friendly to all, peaceful, sober and tolerant. They take their pleasure from within, see all things equally and always endeavor diligently for spiritual perfection.
Text 20: In Tretā-yuga each leg of religion is gradually reduced by one quarter by the influence of the four pillars of irreligion — lying, violence, dissatisfaction and quarrel.
Text 21: In the Tretā age people are devoted to ritual performances and severe austerities. They are not excessively violent or very lusty after sensual pleasure. Their interest lies primarily in religiosity, economic development and regulated sense gratification, and they achieve prosperity by following the prescriptions of the three Vedas. Although in this age society evolves into four separate classes, O King, most people are brāhmaṇas.
Text 22: In Dvāpara-yuga the religious qualities of austerity, truth, mercy and charity are reduced to one half by their irreligious counterparts — dissatisfaction, untruth, violence and enmity.
Text 23: In the Dvāpara age people are interested in glory and are very noble. They devote themselves to the study of the Vedas, possess great opulence, support large families and enjoy life with vigor. Of the four classes, the kṣatriyas and brāhmaṇas are most numerous.
원문 24: 깔리 유가에는 종교 원칙이 1/4만 남는다. 그 1/4도 점점 증가하는 비종교적 원칙에 의해 계속 줄어들고 마침내 파괴될 것입니다.
원문 25: 깔리 시대에는 사람들이 탐욕적인 경향이 있고, 나쁘게 행동하며 무자비하고 특별한 이유 없이 서로 싸웁니다. 불운하고 물질적 욕망에 사로잡혀 있는 깔리 유가 사람들은 거의 모두 슈드라이고 야만인들입니다.
원문 26: 물질적 본성 선성, 동성, 암성의 치환이 사람의 마음 속에 관찰될 때 시간의 힘에 의해 움직임으로 나타납니다.
원문 27: 마음과 지성, 감각이 선성에 동요 없이 확고할 때, 그 시대는 사땨 유가, 진실의 시대로 이해되어져야 합니다. 그 시대의 사람들은 지식과 고행에 즐거움을 느낍니다.
원문 28: 오 가장 총명한 자여, 조건지워진 영혼이 자신들의 의무에 헌신하지만 숨은 동기가 있고 사적 명예를 추구하면 그러한 상황은 동성이 주된 작용을 하는 뜨레따 유가로 이해되어져야 합니다.
원문 29: 탐욕과 불만족, 헛된 자만, 위선, 시기가 이기적 행위들과 함께 만연하면 그러한 시대는 동성과 암성이 섞여 지배하는 드바빠라 시대입니다.
원문 30: 속임과 거짓말, 나태함, 잠에 빠져듬, 폭력, 우울감, 한탄, 당혹감, 두려움, 빈곤이 우세할 때는 암성의 시대, 깔리 시대입니다.
원문 31: 깔리 시대의 나쁜 자질 때문에 인간은 근시안적이 되고, 불운하며 많이 먹고 탐내고 가난에 허덕일 것입니다. 여자는 정숙하지 않게 되고 한 남자에서 다른 남자에게 자유롭게 옮겨갈 것입니다.
원문 32: 도시는 도둑들이 점령할 것이고 베다는 무신론자들의 추측하는 해석으로 더럽혀질 것이며 종교 지도자들은 사실상 시민들을 소비할 것이고 소위 신부나 목사, 지식층은 자신들의 배와 성기의 신자가 될 것입니다.
원문 33: 브라흐마짜리들은 그들의 맹세를 지키는 데 실패할 것이고 대체로 청결하지 않게 될 것이며 가정인들은 거지가 될 것이며 바나쁘라스타들은 마을에 갈 것이며 산냐시들은 부에 탐을 내게 될 것입니다.
원문 34: 여자들은 키가 훨씬 더 작아질 것이고 너무 많이 먹을 것이며 자기가 보살피기에 적합하지 않은 더 많은 수의 아이를 낳을 것입니다. 그리고 모든 수줍음을 잃을 것입니다. 그들은 항상 거슬리게 말하고 도둑질과 사기, 제멋대로의 뻔뻔함을 보일 것입니다.
원문 35: 사업가는 하찮은 상업에 종사하고 남을 속여서 돈을 벌 것입니다. 위급한 상황이 아닐 때도 사람들은 천한 직업이 꽤 할 만하다고 여길 것입니다.
원문 36: 종들은 주인이 본보기가 될 만한 성격의 성자 같은 사람이라도 재산을 잃으면 버릴 것입니다. 주인들은 종이 세대를 걸쳐 자기 집안에서 지냈어도 일할 능력이 없어지면 버릴 것입니다. 소는 더는 우유를 주지 못하면 버리거나 죽임을 당할 것입니다.
원문 37: 깔리 유가에서는 남자들이 여자들에 의해 비참해지고 통제 받습니다. 그들은 그들의 아버지, 형재, 다른 친척들과 친구들을 거부하고 부인의 여자 형제들과 남자 형제들과 어울립니다. 따라서 그들의 우정이라는 개념은 특히 성적 n Kali-yuga men will be wretched and controlled by women. They will reject their fathers, brothers, other relatives and friends and will instead associate with the sisters and brothers of their wives. Thus their conception of friendship will be based exclusively on sexual ties.
Text 38: Uncultured men will accept charity on behalf of the Lord and will earn their livelihood by making a show of austerity and wearing a mendicant’s dress. Those who know nothing about religion will mount a high seat and presume to speak on religious principles.
Texts 39-40: In the Age of Kali, people’s minds will always be agitated. They will become emaciated by famine and taxation, my dear King, and will always be disturbed by fear of drought. They will lack adequate clothing, food and drink, will be unable to properly rest, have sex or bathe themselves, and will have no ornaments to decorate their bodies. In fact, the people of Kali-yuga will gradually come to appear like ghostly, haunted creatures.
Text 41: In Kali-yuga men will develop hatred for each other even over a few coins. Giving up all friendly relations, they will be ready to lose their own lives and kill even their own relatives.
Text 42: Men will no longer protect their elderly parents, their children or their respectable wives. Thoroughly degraded, they will care only to satisfy their own bellies and genitals.
Text 43: O King, in the Age of Kali people’s intelligence will be diverted by atheism, and they will almost never offer sacrifice to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is the supreme spiritual master of the universe. Although the great personalities who control the three worlds all bow down to the lotus feet of the Supreme Lord, the petty and miserable human beings of this age will not do so.
Text 44: Terrified, about to die, a man collapses on his bed. Although his voice is faltering and he is hardly conscious of what he is saying, if he utters the holy name of the Supreme Lord he can be freed from the reaction of his fruitive work and achieve the supreme destination. But still people in the Age of Kali will not worship the Supreme Lord.
Text 45: In the Kali-yuga, objects, places and even individual personalities are all polluted. The almighty Personality of Godhead, however, can remove all such contamination from the life of one who fixes the Lord within his mind.
Text 46: If a person hears about, glorifies, meditates upon, worships or simply offers great respect to the Supreme Lord, who is situated within the heart, the Lord will remove from his mind the contamination accumulated during many thousands of lifetimes.
Text 47: Just as fire applied to gold removes any discoloration caused by traces of other metals, Lord Viṣṇu within the heart purifies the minds of the yogīs.
Text 48: By one’s engaging in the processes of demigod worship, austerities, breath control, compassion, bathing in holy places, strict vows, charity and chanting of various mantras, one’s mind cannot attain the same absolute purification as that achieved when the unlimited Personality of Godhead appears within one’s heart.
Text 49: Therefore, O King, endeavor with all your might to fix the Supreme Lord Keśava within your heart. Maintain this concentration upon the Lord, and at the time of death you will certainly attain the supreme destination.
Text 50: My dear King, the Personality of Godhead is the ultimate controller. He is the Supreme Soul and the supreme shelter of all beings. When meditated upon by those about to die, He reveals to them their own eternal spiritual identity.
Text 51: My dear King, although Kali-yuga is an ocean of faults, there is still one good quality about this age: Simply by chanting the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra, one can become free from material bondage and be promoted to the transcendental kingdom.
Text 52: Whatever result was obtained in Satya-yuga by meditating on Viṣṇu, in Tretā-yuga by performing sacrifices, and in Dvāpara-yuga by serving the Lord’s lotus feet can be obtained in Kali-yuga simply by chanting the Hare Kṛṣṇa mahā-mantra.